![]() ![]() By convention, each shell is assigned a number and the symbol n-for example, the electron shell closest to the nucleus is called 1n. Each electron shell has a different energy level, with those shells closest to the nucleus being lower in energy than those farther from the nucleus. The Bohr model shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with the electrons in circular electron shells at specific distances from the nucleus, similar to planets orbiting around the sun. An element can donate, accept, or share electrons with other elements to fill its outer shell and satisfy the octet rule.Īn early model of the atom was developed in 1913 by the Danish scientist Niels Bohr (1885–1962). Because the outermost shells of the elements with low atomic numbers (up to calcium, with atomic number 20) can hold eight electrons, this is referred to as the octet rule. To achieve greater stability, atoms will tend to completely fill their outer shells and will bond with other elements to accomplish this goal by sharing electrons, accepting electrons from another atom, or donating electrons to another atom. Because of these vacancies in the outermost shells, we see the formation of chemical bonds, or interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result in the formation of molecules. Not all elements have enough electrons to fill their outermost shells, but an atom is at its most stable when all of the electron positions in the outermost shell are filled. Define the octet rule and its role in chemical bonds. ![]()
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